Movie Monday: "Cats of Mirikitani," a film by Linda Hattendorf, 2006.

I saw this documentary several years ago and then rediscovered it again this last weekend. The messages of this film, for me, stand as an important reminder not only of significant events in American history, but also as a mirror for our preconceived notions on the stories of the countless homeless.

The film takes place mainly in Manhattan over the course of a couple years, beginning in late 2001. Tsutomu Mirikitani lives along a wall near a Korean Market on McDougal and Prince Street, creating artwork each and everyday. His mobile studio includes pens, crayons, chalk and paints, and his canvases include cardboard and scrap paper. With the events of September 11, 2001 breaking around him, he continues doing what he does best, creating memories through artwork. Shortly after 9/11, Ms. Hattendorf invites Mirikitani to stay with her for a period of time, to avoid the choking dust and debris still permeating the air around the World Trade Center site.

Over the course of the film, Hattendorf uncovers more and more details of Mirikitani’s life, including his birth in Sacramento, California and experience growing up in Hiroshima City, Japan. He returns to the US shortly after the opening of World War II. In his early twenties, and as a lawful US citizen, Mirikitani entered Tule Lake Internment Center in Northern California, where he signs a government document revoking his US citizenship. The film follows not only the story of his relationship with his new friend and documentarian Ms. Hattendorf, but also unveils some of his backstory that led to living on the streets in NYC.

The important messages of this film not only center on the plight of the mobile homeless, which continues to be an issue for social services nationwide, but also a reminder of the dark times in US history and of justice deferred. Far too easy to dismiss the internment of Japanese American citizens during WWII as history and not applicable today, one need only review the rhetoric of political demagogues against our Muslim citizens to realize such events could repeat themselves. Mirikitani expresses his anger and lingering, seething disgust at the events of World War II, and memorializes his experience in the internment camps through his artwork. He neither asks for nor wants anything from the US government, even as Ms. Hattendorf and her team work tirelessly to recover Mirikitani’s citizenship information and secure more public assistance for him in his advanced years.

The latter part of the film is lovely, as Mirikitani and Hattendorf slowly bring his story into the present moment, and realize that he is not alone in this world. Over time, family members are found and Mirikitani sees opportunity to work past what happened, and truly begin to see his life in the present moment.

Nancy Wong via WIkimedia Commons

"Janice Mirikitani in front of the International Hotel in San Francisco, January 1977"

The film is not always easy to watch, particularly at moments when Mirikitani’s cantankerous attitude aims at the filmmaker. I sometimes felt like Mirikitani didn't appreciate some of the kindnesses the filmmaker expressed, but after realizing his long history of being outside normal social channels, I feel more kindness towards his perspectives. Even though he sometimes criticizes the filmmaker’s decisions, once reprimanding her when she goes out to a movie and comes back to her apartment far later than expected, he does so because of worry and care for the young woman. Other moments legitimately made me tear up a little, particularly when the film explores recollections of the camp experience and of lives lost.

I encourage everyone to check out this film when given the chance. It is rather short and moves along at a good pace. It successfully introduces audiences to one story that helps humanize the events against Japanese American citizens during WWII that may only be known through textbooks. It also humanizes the ongoing social issues surrounding homelessness and our own personal notions of just who the homeless are.

Purchase "The Cats of Mirikitani" via Amazon

Mixed Bag Monday

Here's a compiled collection of stories that peaked my interest over the last week, with a little of my own comments on the significance of the stories.

By Staff Sgt. Teddy Wade, via Wikimedia Commons

Jessica Sanchez sings during the National Memorial Day concert in Washington D.C., 2012.

Jessica Sanchez Performs on American Idol Season Finale - Exposure is important for the Fil-Am community in the US, especially when it has been so easy for Fil-Am narratives to be written out of history and current events. Hardly anyone knows about the other half of the labor strikes of the UFW were Filipinos. While I may not agree with all of Jessica’s mannerisms, I believe any positive exposure that makes people go “Wow, where did this person come from?” And maybe ask a few questions about the person’s background, especially if they are Fil-Am, helps introduce a different perspective to people who otherwise may not know about the Fil-Am communities across the country. This, coupled with the growing exposure on television, help recover and incorporate the Fil-Am experience into the American experience.

By yeowatzup from Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany (Sunset, Bohol) via Wikimedia Commons

Sunset in Bohol

State of calamity declared in Bohol Due to Drought/ El Nino - The drought here in California has been quite disruptive to nearly all areas of life, from agriculture to commerce and the daily habits of its residents. While it seems like the new norm is water conservation (it’s not a bad thing!), I think it is important for people in the US to remember that global climate change is not limited to one or two nations, but is truly a GLOBAL condition that needs to be examined by all governments, collectively. At times, when agriculture sustains people with very tight margins for failure, it is all the more important for everyone to do what they can. While the California Drought may not have the same effect as it does for the people in PI, where “more than 40,000 farmers in 27 towns in Bohol, known as the rice bowl of Central Visayas, are facing hunger and loss of income,” its effects are seen in the reservoirs and lakes across the state.

Watch Policeman Teach A Homeless Girl To Play Hopscotch to Pass the Time - Sometimes it is too easy to see the negative in life, especially when those who are sworn to protect and serve display pockets of deplorable behavior, and outright murder, on specific ethnic populations. This is a short video about a non-violent experience with a police officer. These kinds of scenes are played out across the country all the time, but are rarely reported in mainstream media. This needs to change, and I watch videos like this and remember that, while not EVERYONE acts as they should, the police officers are, in general, positive presences that do the best they can seeing the roughest parts of our society everyday.

CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=865798

Chicken Adobo with Rice and Beans

Edible Cutlery - Conservation and light consumption has always been an important part of my outlook on life. This novel kind of solution to overconsumption and unthinking waste displays the ingenuity and value in finding plausible solutions for a growing global population. Particularly in places like the US, Japan and India, where utensils are used and disposed of heavily, these kinds of potential answers helps to reduce the burden on the environment and on production of these disposable products.

By Alexander Klimov at de.wikipedia (Own work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

The Guy Fawkes Mask has become a common representation of the Anonymous group

Voter Data Breach - I sometimes forget that everything placed on the Internet, or transported through the Internet, has the potential for being stolen or accessed by unwanted parties. In this case, the hacker cooperative Anonymous broke into the Philippine Commission on Elections website and reported on just how easy it was to access sensitive information. It appeared that some voter information was saved in a simple text file. “The breach contains the records of 1.3m overseas Philippines voters, including their passport details; it also includes 15.8m fingerprints,” according to the article. On a wider scale, this points to the fact that whenever information is given freely to another entity, be it a private company or a public office, it has the potential to be stolen. We all have to be careful with the data we share, and demand stronger protections from businesses and organizations that legitimately access and use our information in conducting their affairs.

Gun Battle Against Extremists - The global community must realize that the threat of extremism is not isolated to countries in “the West.” The threat of extremist behavior is not an East-West dichotomy, but a global phenomenon that points to the problems of HUMAN civilization. Here, in the volatile southern region of Mindanao, Philippines, Western Mindanao Command soldiers clashed with Aby Sayyaf Group extremist soldiers, the results being 18 dead government troops and 5 casualties on Abu Sayyaf forces. While it has been popular among politicians in the US to claim that extremists like these are conducting a religious holy war against Christianity and “the West” because they hate our culture and our freedoms, I would argue it is far more a symptom of the great global disparity in access to economic and basic, fundamental needs, but also the ongoing negative impact of the United States’ involvement in other countries. These extremist activities are far more inspired by the political and economic interests of the leadership, who layer their rhetoric with religious absolution for the consumption of the undereducated soldiers who ACTUALLY fight their battles. I believe education and understanding would go a long way in lessening the appeal of extremism for many underrepresented populations. If the religious extremist groups are the only ones who seemingly offer their family a roof and regular meals, how could a soldier refuse?

Hapless Historian Highlights!

Reworking the Writing

By Abadvibes via Wikimedia Commons

“Antonio Abad”

Here’s What’s Coming Up

In light of recent changes in my goals, I’m refocusing this space to highlight Fil-Am history, US history and my own reflections on these topics. Posts will come each Monday. This space will focus across the spectrum on articles, film and cuisine experiences I find interesting, and ones that may interest a few people who visit this blog.

Please let me know what you’d like to see in the coming weeks, as I am always looking for your perspectives!

In the meantime, here’s a few highlights from the past year or so. These are moments I liked and ones you might want to revisit. Feel free to comment or message me if you’d like to know more! Thank you for your time and continued support.

Hungry History Highlights

Hungry History: Filipino Arroz Caldo!! (Lugaw)

This is a lovely, savory rice porridge that I was introduced to in graduate school. It comes in powdered instant versions, but is not complicated to make with a good recipe. Like many Filipino recipes, this seems to be one where each family has their version. The key is good quality ingredients and knowing where you need to make adjustments for your family’s needs. Water and chicken broth can be mixed to adjust the sodium levels.

Hungry History: Sandwiches!!

I was always curious where the word “sandwich” came from, as I was curious about a number of words we use (did you know the English “typhoon” has Chinese and Persian origins?). Additionally, I was wondering about the short history of something as popular as the American sandwich, which has a place in nearly all of my generation’s sack lunches (does anyone use sacks anymore?). I also made a really yummy sandwich that inspired this post, pictured!

Hungry History: Spam Musubi!!

Surprisingly, I’d never had these Hawaiian specialities, even after my short trip to the Islands. I had always thought Spam was a mystery meat of questionable quality, but was happy to find it can be used to make something really yummy!

Movie Monday Highlights

Movie Monday: "The Patriot," a film by Roland Emmerich

Admittedly liberal in historical accuracy and heavy on emotional appeal, the star power of Mel Gibson, coupled with the patriotic (pun intended) narrative, makes the awareness of this film no surprise. While it goes out of its way to vilify the British, and does look favorably on the Rebels, it does reflect many ideals that our nation, including the belief than anyone, regardless of skin color, has an opportunity (albeit unequally) to make something of themselves. It is also entertaining as one of my “guilty” history-related pleasures.

Movie Monday: "The Mountain Thief," a film by Gerry Balasta, 2010

This was an eye-opening film for me, particularly as it relates to the Philippines. While I had come across poverty in my graduate research before, I don’t believe many films capture the sheer gap between haves and have nots as this one. It is undeniably real in its portrayals, and I’m so thankful it had English subtitles. As I mention in the review, I believe this film “should be required viewing for all college students, ‘first world’ citizens worldwide, and professed religious individuals who would seek to know and better the world,” so everyone can understand the side effects of political and economic inequality.

Proud Moment!

My Winning Submission: EDSA/People Power Revolution Essay Writing Contest

I’ve already posted this multiple times, so please excuse me, but it still stands as one of my more proud recent moments while working on this blog. The Bay Area Fil-Am community members were very welcoming and had nothing but positive things to say about my submission. I was thankful to share the stage with several key Fil-Am and Filipino community members, as well as many talented writers and artists from music and poetry. I’ve made professional connections and reconnected a little with my Filipino and Fil-Am heritage. Thank you all so much!

Here’s to the Future

I am excited to move forward with my blog project, and for the topics and writings I have in the works. I want to thank you for your ongoing support, please click “Like” and keep in touch on Facebook to help guide where the content goes from here. Thank you so much for your ongoing support!

Digging the Dinardaraan!

Digging the Dinardaraan (Dinuguan)

Ways I Reconnected With My Pinoy Heritage

Many second through fourth generation young people of mixed heritage have a challenging task of balancing their American (or majority) culture with their family or ancestral culture. Particularly if you are like me. My mom and her brothers are very Americanized and I was too young to ask those deeper questions of my Ilocano, elderly grandfather and very private grandmother (both since passed). Without the stories of the past, of my grandparents’ lives in the Philippines and their eventual immigration to the United States, I can only piece together bits of their unique story. As it stands, my adult self feels very ignorant of my Filipino heritage but I deeply wish to to learn where I can. While I have a long way to go, here are a few ways I have begun reconnecting with pieces of my cultural heritage.

Extended Family Members

Talk to and connect to any and all extended family members you can! Filipino families are “notorious” for having numerous cousins, uncles, aunts, lolos, lolas and other family friends who are more than happy to share their experiences with you. In Filipino cultures, “it takes a village” takes on a whole new meaning. If you can’t visit them outright, reach out by calling and talking with them, sending them an email, connecting via social media or taking them out to coffee. You can start a private “family” group on Facebook, then invite your extended family to participate by sharing stories or photos, etc. Any way you can find to ask about your family heritage will help you discover new things.

Read!

The Internet is not just for cat videos ( they are cute, aren’t they?)! It can be a fantastic source of nearly unlimited information on just about any culture present, past (or future??) for you to learn. Outside the Internet, books, magazines, articles, blog posts, newspapers and radio broadcasts abound. Pretty much anything that might give you insight into your target culture is fair game. Better if you understand one or more of your target culture’s languages, as a variety of media gives a fantastic insight not only into past events, but current events that may be missed in mainstream American media. Focus on things you find interesting, such as dance or sports. Not only will you be more likely to stick with it when your research hits a roadblock, but you’ll be able to strike up conversations with others about topics you’re both passionate about, a sure way to connect even more!

Participate!

Social Media

Related to connecting with extended family, take a look at social media. Seek out people, places and organizations on Facebook, Linkedin, Instagram, Twitter and others related to your target culture. I have personally expanded my cultural network to include the Philippine American Writers and Artists, Inc (PAWA), the Filipino American National Historical Society, and the Kalesa Traveler and Positive Filipino magazines. This has resulted in both fantastic networking opportunities and chances to learn more about the Filipino diaspora across the United States.

By Maki R. (Own work) via Wikimedia Commons

EDSA People Power Monument, Philippines: Getting involved in celebratory events and learning about your heritage through study is one of the best ways to reconnect

Social events and contests

Once you’ve found a variety of interesting organizations through social media, keep up to date on potential contests and events in which to participate and contribute. It is a rare organization that will deny an interested volunteer a chance to participate! I wrote a submission for the EDSA/People Power Revolution Essay Contest, sponsored by PAWA, Inc, and won! I met many awesome people from the Fil-Am community in the Bay Area I otherwise would never have met.

Language learning clubs

Language is a fantastic way to connect with your heritage, as it gives valuable insight into so many aspects of the culture. Words used for food, animals, ways of life, professions, religion, etc are all communicated through language, and provides a door to media and music that might otherwise be closed. You will also meet others interested in the same thing as you, which will make the journey that much more enjoyable. Make sure to be patient and try to stay positive while experiencing the journey, it will likely be an enjoyable, lifelong pursuit.

Social Gathering clubs

Colleges and local communities often have events and clubs focused on a specific region or nation of the world. Chinese American Club, Asian American clubs, Filipino Culture club, and many others are just a few examples. Sports clubs might tailor themselves around a specific nation’s sport, including Sumo or Escrima or boxing and martial arts. These are good areas to check out and connect with similarly interested people. It offers some of the same benefits as the language learning clubs and culture organizations, in that sharing community with people interested in some of the same things makes the experience much more enriching.

Media and Film

Popular media is another great way to experience a variety of aspects of your target culture. If the specific country has a film industry, seek these out on Amazon, Hulu, Netflix or other avenue that tailors to international films. I found that daytime Filipino dramas are highly popular, and stand up in passion and intensity with some of the best soap operas in the United States. Often, if movies or tv shows were released widely enough, there will also be subtitles (or dubbing) accompanying the original language, in English or your language. Watch them multiple times and see what aspects of the characters peak your interest, be it where they live, their profession, their mannerisms, their favorite food, etc.

By CapnPrep via Wikimedia Commons

Fusion food culture in Asia: Rice-bun fast food (chicken?) sandwich,

Cook!

Everyone eats! Food and culture are intimately tied together. Food speaks to the region’s geography, culture and language. Search out recipes you’re interested in trying on the internet, or rent or buy a cookbook specializing in your chosen culture’s cuisine. Pick a leisurely day (often on the weekend) to shop and try out one recipe of your choice. Take the time to appreciate the different ingredients (maybe only available at a specialty market you may never have been to!) and the people who shop for the ingredients. Ask questions of your friends and family, if you are unsure about anything. Cooking not only helps you try the food of your target culture, but also connect in many ways with the past, as well. I happened to cook sinigang for the first time with a good Filipino friend in graduate school, and loved its strikingly pungent, vinegary goodness. The first time trying balut and dinuguan was definitely a culinary adventure, but I am so glad to have seen many sides of Filipino cuisine.

By GracinhaMarco Abundo (Dinuguan) [CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

My first time trying dinuguan (or dinardaraan in Ilocano) was in Daly City, CA. It was delicious after a long day of traveling. It had a very earthy, meaty texture and deep flavor, perfect with rice.

Take Action!

These are just a few ways we young, second through fourth generation, mixed parentage people can reconnect with a cultural heritage we may not have been able to experience as a kid. Maybe your family was like mine, and didn’t really practice or teach you much of their own culture. As a young person or an adult, you can feel a little closer to your grandparents and their parents by trying out a few of these tips.

Was there something I missed? Have you found something else that helps you keep connected? I’d love to hear about it!

Mabuhay!

Movie Monday: "Selma," a film by Ava DuVernay, 2015

Yoichi Okamoto [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

Films that depict historic events often come with the necessity of literary license in the specific content of the film, either because there are gaps in the historical record or the success of the film relies on dramatization. Much has been said about the film Selma, and I am happy to have seen it on Amazon Prime. This historical drama depicts the events of the Civil Rights Movement that lead up to the march to Montgomery and, eventually, President Johnson calling for the Voting Rights Act of 1965. What members of the various movements endured, the struggles and challenges not only from Southern whites favoring the status quo, but the doubts that arose in their own minds, and I love that about film.

The film showcases the acting abilities of a variety of quality actors, including David Oyelowo, who depicts Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Tom Wilkinson ably commands the screen as both a talented actor and an embodiment of President Lyndon B. Johnson. Carmen Ejogo shines as Coretta Scott King, and was personally approved by Ms. King to portray her in the film. Tim Roth brings his acting abilities to bear as Alabama Governor and (at the time) unashamed segregationist George Wallace, who also memorably stood at the doorway of the University of Alabama's Foster Auditorium as the college was desegregated by law. I believe the casting was very carefully done, as no major faults in delivery or quality exist in this film for me.

The film opens with two events that shape the flavor and nature of the Civil Rights Movement. First is the image of Dr. King (Oyelowo) receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. This is paired with scenes of the 1963 KKK bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church, which left four children dead. The circumstances and context for the film are set up early, with a scene where Annie Lee Cooper (played by Oprah Winfrey) is denied the right to vote by the white registrar in Selma (although legally African Americans were afforded the right to vote, the decision of "fitness" for that right was largely left to individual registrars who, in the South, set up arbitrary, impossible questions and conditions for applicants). These events set the stage for the Civil Rights Movement's various organizations (including the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)) to respond with different tactics and philosophies, both of which are touched upon in this film.

One of the most important outcomes of films like Selma, that moves beyond their occasional lack of historicity, or absolute historical authenticity, is that audiences are reintroduced to significant events in history. My hope is that viewers will explore the fight for civil rights as conducted by King and others on their own, while also realizing that the fight is not yet won. Selma and other films like it are, at their core, films about American identity, but also what it means to be part of the human species. It calls us to recognize the inherent worth in ALL people, regardless of race or religion.

The great tragedy of the events in this film is, while some creative license is taken when interpreting individual characters or their thoughts on Civil Rights (most critical was the portrayal of President Johnson as a reluctant supporter of Civil Rights when, from the documents, Johnson was a firm believer in King's mission), the core events, murders and prejudicial treatments of African Americans is true and largely uncontested. Anglo American supporters of the Movement were often branded "white niggers" and brutally attacked and murdered. African Americans who peaceably protested the systematically unfair treatment were imprisoned by their government, and spit on by their neighbors. Dr. King was assassinated.

American civil rights are an ongoing fight, and not only for African Americans, but all ethnic groups. Civil rights for African American populations are also at the forefront of current events, with murders of African American suspects plastered all over the headlines of the national media. Though we as a country have come a long way since 1965, Americans must all look to their consciences and continue to question just what values will be carried forward into the future, not only for the country itself, but for international relations and human rights, as well. The eyes of the world are always upon us, are we acting in a way to warrant such attention? Selma is a great introduction for further exploration of what the Civil Rights Movement in the US meant to the development of our yet imperfect Union.

Stream "Selma" on Amazon Prime.

Movie Monday: "John Adams" an HBO series by Tom Hooper

On the recommendation of history colleagues, I found a copy of the HBO Series “John Adams” at the local library, and I’m not disappointed. This historical drama follows the career and presidency of Founding Father John Adams, including his participation in the American Revolution and his activities in foreign arenas like France and Britain during the establishment of the American Government. This series doesn’t avoid the darker aspects of Adams’ experience, and seems to give a balanced view of his life.

Like many HBO series, the acting is on point. Lead Paul Giamatti brings this John Adams to life and reflects his educational background in theater and broadway. David Morse towers over the other characters as bigger-than-life General and President George Washington, and gives a subdued performance as the first leader of the new government. Laura Linney is an excellent Abigail Adams, giving life to the famous first Second Lady and second First Lady of the United States.

As the series opens, Adams (Giamatti) is a successful lawyer in Boston, with wife Abigail (Linney) and children John Quincy, Abigail and Charles. The cries of “Fire! Fire!” echo through his home as British soldiers fire upon a crowd of protesters to Britain’s overreaching influence in the colonies. Adams is the only lawyer in Boston willing to take the case, which opens him up to attacks and criticisms from his patriotic neighbors.

The benefit of a series such as “John Adams” is how human our founding heroes become when treated in a balanced manner. Putting aside the romanticism surrounding the founding of the United States, a student of history will appreciate the nuanced treatment. Additionally, the series does not marginalize the other key members among Founding Fathers (and Mothers), which can sometimes happen when a series focuses on one particular subject, or minimize their influence on the main character. The humanity present in this series brings the founding members down to a relatable level, in particular the balance between work and life, family, religion, and the fundamental principles of the United States.

What I found most instructive is how contentious the developing government of the United States was during the first few years. Every member had their own interests and concepts of who held what power, and the extent of that power over the individual states. As a newer student of early American history, I found these insights informative for future study. Additionally, the sheer weight of what was before the Revolutionary leadership, founding a new country, is not lost on the artists who changed the characters’ appearance based on circumstances. The various epidemics that swept the New England territories, coupled with the stress, play out on the faces of the actors throughout the series.

A viewer hoping to bolster their patriotic feelings will likely feel kinship towards the characters in this historical drama. Students of history will appreciate the perspectives of the film, and the contentious nature as more reflective of reality than the simple founding myths many of us grew up on. There is very little to fault in this series, from my perspective, as there was clearly enough financial support to give “John Adams” a suitable treatment.

Purchase or stream "John Adams" through Amazon

History Notes:

The differences between fact and fiction in historical drama (see historical inaccuracies)

Religion and political backgrounds of the Founding Fathers and others

Family life of John Adams

David McCullough's book "John Adams," inspiration for this HBO series

Movie Monday: "The Patriot," a film by Roland Emmerich

“The Patriot” is one of those films that might spark interest in American History for some, but eventually turn those same historians off for its portrayal of the American Revolution. At its core, “The Patriot” is both a war film and a historical drama about a war veteran who is once again called to sacrifice his peace for a greater cause. His response to the casualties of war sets up the tension that builds and releases throughout the film. The production values are rather good, something that is expected for a mainstream film with a leading actor like Mel Gibson. While not on the same level as Gibson’s earlier “Braveheart” in popularity, “The Patriot” does showcase Gibson’s ability to play a tortured and sacrificial character who gives up much for a greater purpose. While Gibson is inevitably the star of the show, Heath Ledger puts in a strong performance as Gibson’s son, Gabriel Martin. Gabriel is eager to join the Continental Army and fight for “the Cause,” while his father is much more tempered against jumping back into war. Jason Isaacs provides a convincing performance as the “bad guy” British Colonel William Tavington, who embodies much of what a man will do during war. Tom Wilkinson is Lieutenant General Charles, Lord Cornwallis, a military genius and tactician who nonetheless falls victim to his preconceived notions against militia and their capabilities. There are a few understated performances by both supporting actors Donal Logue and Joely Richardson as militiaman Dan Scott and Martin’s sister-in-law Charlotte Selton, as well.

When the film opens, Benjamin Martin (Gibson) lives an idyllic life on his farm in 1776 South Carolina, working diligently in his workshop, attempting to make a working rocking chair (a task he’s obviously failed at several times, judging from the pile of scrap). He is a widower, but he capably raises his children with the help of African American servants and laborers. This peace is shattered when an Assembly in Charles Town is called to debate the cause of Revolution. There are Loyalists among the Assembly, but the majority supports fighting against the British, much to the apprehension of Martin, who saw action in the North American theater of the Seven Year’s War. His two elder sons, particularly Gabriel Martin (Ledger), are eager to support the fight, feeling it is a man’s duty to fight for his home and principles. The first show of British brutality involves an interaction between Martin’s second eldest son, Thomas, and the British Colonel Tavington (Isaacs), and sets up the goal for Martin throughout the film.

Viewers are inevitably going to be entertained by this film’s classic hero’s journey model, which follows the formula of heroic hardship and resolution through growth to a T. The biggest issue history buffs will have is the rather simplistic representation of the Americans as “good” and the British as “bad,” a dichotomy which almost never exists as cleanly as is portrayed. When portraying a nation-state’s founding myth, however, it is often popular to show the founders as heroic patriots. Another interesting aspect is the portrayal of African American participation in the Revolutionary War, particularly in a fighting context. It may surprise some viewers to know that African Americans were promised the opportunity of freedom, as well as bounties in some cases, for participation in the Revolution, both on the Loyalist and the Patriot sides. Often these African American soldiers were also integrated into existing units, either regular Continental Army units or state militia units. While not portrayed in the film, African Americans also participated heavily into naval operations on both sides of the war.

Overall, this film does successfully portray one narrative that will entertain and, for some, build emotional response to the battle for the United States. The history is very thin here, as Martin is a composite character with no direct analog in history. The simplistic characterization of Americans as good and British as bad will put some off, particularly historians and history buffs familiar with the complexities of the historical narrative. The production itself is obviously well-funded, and the performances of the lead and many supporting actors was strong and capable, leading to a rather successful film, overall.

Final verdict: 3.5/5 for strong lead performances, good production values, but a lack of serious scholarship and a simplistic portrayal of the two combatant sides.

Purchase or stream "The Patriot" on Amazon.

History Notes:

The true motivations of both Patriot and British combatants
Ethnic relationships: African Americans in War
Military tactics and acceptable responses to captured soldiers on both sides
Idyllic portrayal of 1776 South Carolina, tied to ethnic relationships

Book Review: "Converting California:Indians and Franciscans in the Missions, 1769-1836" by James Sandos

By Rennett Stowe (Flickr: Mission San Luis Obispo) [CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

James A. Sandos, Converting California, Indians and Franciscans in the Missions, 1769-1836 (Yale University Press, 2004)

 Scholarship surrounding the Spanish Missionary period in California abounds with different interpretations. Some vilify the Spanish missionaries for essentially wiping out the Native American populations in California and disrupting their lives to destruction. Others opt for a more benign approach, complicated by cooperation and agency among the Native populations. James Sandos’ work on Franciscan conversion of the Native Americans is just such a work.

  Sandos’ overarching thesis is that the goal of the Franciscan mission was conversion of the Native Americans, however the meaning was limited or framed within their understanding of eighteenth and nineteenth century religious ideologies. While the relative intensity of faith the Native Americans brought to their conversion was diverse and somewhat unknowable given the sources, the Franciscan priests believed that once baptism and conversion was “sealed,” the Native Americans assumed not only the unspoken contract of living a pious, Christian lifestyle, but also agreed to a form of “spiritual debt peonage” to the missions (108). Sandos further emphasizes that these conversions were likely driven by survival interests like food, protection, and other material benefits that came to those who participated in musical arrangements that supported the mission.

  Sandos further argues that Franciscans were not intentional agents of a genocidal mission against the populations of the Native communities. In fact, there was a lot of internal concern for the maintenance of the population numbers given that the missions relied on these new populations not only for their spiritual goals, but as a steady supply of labor to support their mercantile efforts in trades like oils, candles, tallow and cattle. Sandos’ analysis, however, does seem to limit the discussion to physical genocide, particularly at the level of populations. What is important to recall here is the fact that the Franciscans did intend to commit a kind of cultural genocide, in that they did (ideally) want to replace the indigenous culture with a Christianized, Hispanic-oriented culture. In practice, however, this has been shown to not be the case, as Sandos illustrates with his argument that the missionary period formed a complex hybrid culture that the Franciscans and Native Americans both contributed to, where villains and heroes are not easily defined (184).

  Such arguments mirror other discussions within American West and Southwest borderlands’ communities, such as with James Brooks’ article "Violence, Exchange, and the Honor of Men", as well as Gutierrez’ chapter on "The Spanish Conquest of New Mexico," particularly outlining the conflicts between military conquest before 1573 and the focus on religious conversions by the Franciscans afterwards (Gutierrez, 46). A seemingly coherent argument between Gutierrez and Sandos is the relationship the Native Americans had to the celebration of Mass, where Gutierrez emphasizes not only the familiar aspects of the celebration with Native religious rituals, but also the pacifying effect such a “universal” celebration would have on the population (Gutierrez, 63).

  Sandos, however, emphasizes too the level of resistance the Native Americans had against the religious colonization efforts, particularly in the context of a “hidden transcript,” where the public display of acquiescence belies the very real, private resistance that exists under the surface. What is interesting here is the concept of the “hidden transcript,” as expanded upon in James C. Scott’s book Domination and the Arts of Resistance (a highly recommended work) which deals with the condition of Southern slavery. Sandos emphasizes that the experience of the Native Americans within the missionary system was not one of slavery as we understand it, but of pre-existing “debt peonage.”

  Sandos wishes to emphasize that his analysis avoids the dichotomous camps of Spanish missionary California, particularly the “Christophilic Triumphantalist” that overemphasizes the positive aspects of the Franciscan missions, against the “Christophobic Nihilist” who condemns the Franciscans for their disruptive, destructive efforts. While this point of view is admirable, modern scholarship almost always seem to avoid such black and white “camps” in favor of a more nuanced, gray area reading of what the experience was like. Sandos also mentions the role disease had on the Native American populations, particularly the spread of venereal disease. While these discussions are interesting, it may strengthen a future edition to consider works by Steven Hackel, whose work in ethnographic and environmental factors could strengthen Sandos’ own arguments.

  There are problems with parts of Sandos’ arguments. His discussion of how patriarchy was introduced by the Franciscan missionary system, which relies on the idea that there was a strong matriarchal culture or at least female agency previously, is somewhat problematic based on such assumptions and reduction of the diverse cultures of Native American communities. Further, the role of disease on the native populations also could be strengthened with further diving into more demographic information that would strengthen or counter his treatment of diseases’ impact. Steven Hackel’s later work Children of Coyote, for example, emphasizes the “dual revolutions” of disease introduction AND environmental factors that limited the traditional lifeways of the Native American communities, further influencing many of the men’s participation in the missionary system. Finally, Sandos’ reliance on French artist Louis Choris’ impressions of Native American male expressions places the reasoning on inherent psychological issues, when in fact ethnographic research shows it more to be a reflection of indigenous forms of etiquette, a fact that was not as deeply addressed as it could have been.

  Overall, this work is a useful addition to the historiography, particularly in the treatment of music and its role in Christianizing the Native American populations. The most original aspects of Sandos’ work is in this chapter, as he emphasizes the material benefits of participation in the musical activities. His treatment, too, of their acquisition of the Spanish language, and its potentially unifying role in communication across cultural groups, though Sandos isn’t sure of its full role. The prose is highly readable and quick, meaning historians and lay readers alike will benefit quickly from the salient arguments without getting bogged down in unnecessary complications.

Student Success: Keeping Yourself Clean

This might seem basic, but with many new freshman being out on their own for the first time, it needs to be covered as a fundamental part of success in a school environment. Keep yourself clean.

Keep Your Self Clean!

There's a lot of stress associated with being in a new environment, be it educational or professional. In order to present the best possible image to potential colleagues and professors, students should regularly clean.

By Miguel Andrade (Own work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons


Shower: if you find yourself particularly busy in your first quarter in your new school environment, shower at the end of the day to make mornings easier. Not only will your bedding remain cleaner, but you can wake up, wash your face, brush your teeth, put on deodorant and be out the door. Which brings us to the second point

Russell Lee [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

Face-washing: Each morning, use a mild face cleanser to clear away accumulated dirt and refresh yourself for the day ahead. Products by Clearasil or Neutrogena are easy to find and reasonably priced, or many of Target's generic products will also do the trick for less.

By Mennonite Church USA Archives (Flickr: Kindergarten, Stanfield AZ) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

Brushing: Your breath is ripe in the morning, brushing your teeth helps take care of this. It is best not to brush right after you eat, as the natural saliva created while eating can actually help protect your teeth. If desired, one can also follow brushing with a mouthwash, although it may require you not eat for about fifteen minutes after.

By Loico (Own work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

Deodorant: This is not optional. During the day, you're going to sweat and your fellow students will appreciate this step. Ditch the Axe Body Spray of your high school youth and go for a scent more appropriate for a college student (Old Spice is one of my favorites for musky, traditional aromas, Dove or another mildly scented stick also works)

While this list is certainly not exhaustive, doing these few fundamental things will do wonders not only for your demeanor when attending class, but for your general well-being and mental health. This is a new chapter in your professional and academic career, make the most of it by taking care of the basics. Keep yourself clean and sharp!